Float32 was the true enemy – not backpropagation, not the architecture. BIN16 replaces every floating-point operation with a single boolean operation: popcount16(XNOR16(a,b)). The result: 82 % MNIST at H=512 with zero floats, zero gradients, zero AdamW…

The Bit-Mass determines the information capacity and thus the model accuracy, not the chosen computation format. The Bit-Mass Theory presented here reorders neural networks by considering the total number of weight bits as the central quantity. F…